Analysis and Planning: Organizational Analysis

Organizational Analysis:

This sub-phase identifies organizational readiness for the learning solution. The organizational analysis validates and aligns the stakeholder’s mission and objectives with strategic delivery of a courseware solution, as mutually confirmed by stakeholder decision makers and the delivery team. The organizational analysis identifies critical information for the developed courseware solution, which should be mapped to criteria for behavior-based learning outcomes, performance outcomes, learner characteristics, and return on investment measures. Data should be mapped to the design phase as appropriate. An organizational analysis summary should be submitted.

Data collected at this stage includes:

• Critical success factors for synchronous and/or asynchronous training
• Confirmation of mission objectives
• Identification of training goals, expectations, and success measures
• Identification for points-of-contact
• Identification of systemic support factors
• Identification of constraining variables
• Confirmation that the problem to be addressed is based on a skill deficit vs. a performance or systemic deficit
• Paralleling project charter and planning

Risks if not conducted or conducted improperly:

• The solution does not meet expectations of decision-makers
• Misalignment of the course expectations with organizational or departmental goals, values, mission, and vision
• Support factors, external constraints, and climate related factors that do not facilitate transfer of training and thus result on project failure
• Losses of internal and predictive validity as benchmarks are not tailored to organizational needs for predicting success. (Internal validity looks at if training made any difference at all. Predictive validity is how training should predict success on the job based on criterion measures.)
• Miscommunication between the various constituencies of the stakeholder and the development team
  
• Development of a training solution for an outcome-oriented problem that requires a systemic or motivational solution
• Missed deadlines - extended project plans, and unforeseen obstacles to product success that do not meet stakeholder expectations due to a lack of proactive planning
• A dissatisfied stakeholder due to misdirected planning

We will discuss Task-KSA Analysis next.

Analysis and Planning

The first phase of ADDIE is the Analysis and Planning. This is the phase where we we gather information and identify requirements for a course or curriculum (a learning path to a set of courses based on roles). The Analysis phase is also known as Needs Analysis or Needs Assessment. The goal is to establish requirements for success by targeting outcomes and setting up the design for a training curriculum and subsequent courseware solution. This phase entails an examination of mission-critical needs; identification of required skill-sets mapped to respective performance criteria; an assessment of the learner’s actual competencies (Task-KSAs), performance measures, demands, role characteristics; and lastly, the training delivery media requirements.

The Analysis and Planning phase should include some level of the following sub-phases:

• Organizational Analysis
• Task-KSA Analysis
• Learner Analysis
• Technical and Media Specifications Analysis

We will break each sub-phase of analysis down in subsequent entries. Although Analysis is the most important phase, it is at times overlooked or not given the attention it deserves. This is most evidenced when training solutions and learning events appear ineffective or seem to "miss the mark." In my next entry, I will commence our breakdown of the Analysis Phase by examining Organizational Analysis.

ISD and the ADDIE Model

I have done a lot of talking about learning technologies, but I think now is a really good time to get down to basics, specifically, how any learning solution should be built, as in "instructional design." ADDIE is useful model of Instructional Systems Design (ISD) and is based on a 5-phased approach to courseware development... ADDIE is an acronym that stands for:

A - Analysis
D - Design
D - Development
I - Implementation
E - Evaluation

Execution of each phase is dependent on how a development team and stakeholders agree on the project's approach typically specified within a statement of work or project charter. As a system of checks and balances, each phase and milestone requires stakeholder approval to assure that what is delivered at project completion is what the stakeholder has approved from the beginning.

When no or little preexisting courseware exists, the most critical phase of a project is Analysis. Each phase follows sequentially with exception to Evaluation, which if conducted properly, occurs continuously throughout the process. Details regarding each phase will follow in subsequent blog entries. However, for a high level explanation of how this should work, see the graphic below.

It is fair to say that many in the business of course development skip phases within this model and some even ignore the model completely. This is a mistake, but please do not misinterpret that to mean that this process cannot be performed efficiently or within short time-frames. Those of us who work in internal training departments or on the customer business side need only to perform an analysis on a periodic basis for each department or customer-base we serve.

Also, variations in this model exist along with compressed methodologies and adaptations based on stakeholder needs. How this can be accomplished will be addressed in subsequent entries. Stay tuned for details on each phase of the ADDIE model.

Learning/Web 2.0 Collaboration for Mentoring and to Wrap Learning Events

For those of you who are interested, I was recently interviewed and quoted for an article in Training Magazine regarding use of Web 2.0/learning collaboration for training and mentoring. We used wikis and discussion threading to wrap learning events as previously described in this blog. The effort has been so successful that we have extended the original Java programming curricula to instructing and mentoring a global workforce of over 600 programmers on the use of C++, C#, .NET, Assembler, and Oracle SQL. To read directly from the article, click below:

http://www.trainingmag.com/msg/content_display/publications/e3i34ff3e76aa1f48788ed288b9cf20826a

How to Use Discussions within Learning Contexts

Oddly enough, of all the Web and Learning 2.0 tools available, the ability to support threaded discussion groups is the most useful. Wikipedia currently offers an excellent definition:

A threaded discussion is an electronic discussion - in which the software aids the user by visually grouping messages. Messages are usually grouped visually in a hierarchy by topic. A set of messages grouped in this way is called a topic thread or simply "thread". A discussion forum - is said to have "threaded topics" if it groups messages on the same topic together for easy reading in this manner. Moreover, threaded discussions typically allow users to reply to particular posting within a topic's thread. As a result, there can be a hierarchy of discussions within the thread topic. Various types of software may allow this hierarchy to be displayed in what's called Threaded Mode. (The alternative being Linear Mode, which typically shows all of the posts in date order, regardless of who may have specifically replied to whom.)

View more of the Wikipedia description here.

From a learning context, how they can be blended-with or attached-to other learning objects are what really make them powerful. Discussions can be used as pre-work, post-work, or breakouts to transition and bind self-paced training to the instructor-led, while supporting conversation around various blogs and wikis. From a peer to peer level, setting up discussions that query and prompt a community response is a great way to socially harvest information while sharing with those who may also benefit from the interaction. Most discussion groups require a facilitator or virtual instructor who takes responsibility for keeping the discussion's focus on-topic while promoting further response and conversation. Depending on the situation, seeding discussions with initial questions, responses, and comments while preparing content in-advance can fertilize activity within the discussion. Some examples of usage follow:

Focused Discussions:
These are a no brainer and are therefore the most popular. What is key is ensuring the topics of the discussion are directly related to the learning objectives. Focused discussions can prep your learners for upcoming events, serve as a breakouts between sessions, or keep the conversations going and relevant to the job long after any formal learning activity. If the discussion tool supports threaded mode, participants will be able to branch into sub-topics where appropriate.

Note-taking:
Great synchronous activity - while in-class, take notes, but not in your notepad or to a doc on your laptop, but within a note-taking discussion group. Later, participants of the discussion can share and compare notes. The instructor can correct, provide, and get feedback if appropriate. Everyone benefits.

Homework:
An instructor gives an assignment - the learner is asked to post it within a homework discussion room. Great for group assignments, but if privacy is required due to concerns regarding sensitivity or copying - have them submit homework in password protected zip packages or set-up 1:1 discussion rooms between the instructor and each learner.

Brainstorming Sessions:
Typically a breakout or between session activity, a brainstorming session may be assigned as an activity where learners are asked to apply content they just learned to resolve an open-ended scenario or existing problem at their workplaces. If the tool has the ability to freeze idea threads as they are posted - even better as this functionality supports the brainstorming philosphy of "no idea is a bad idea."

To-do Lists:
To-do lists are a great follow-up to a learning event. The learner just took a course, now have them publicly post what they will do with their new knowledge, skills, and abilities. While others read, they may be inspired to do the same, the similar, or completely innovative based on the sparks that are lit.

Goal Planning:
Goal planning discussions are an excellent post-work activity where learners must turn learning objectives from a course into SMART goals they will achieve on the job. (SMART = specific, measurable, attainable but difficult, relevant, and time-framed.) Goals set by others can motivate participants to set similar goals or build on their ideas. Coaches and or peers can review and provide feedback.

Action Planning:
In the last activity participants identified their goals - an action planning discussion is where they can collaborate and plan on how to achieve those goals with their managers and supervisors. Great way to transform what was learned into practice.

Scorecards:
Great post-work activity where teams are required to post business metrics relevant to how the content that was learned is improving efficiencies, productivity, sales metrics, or any other measurable outcome related to the learning experience and job context. Scorecards, scoreboards, and dashboards work on the premise that what gets monitored changes and when combined with learning activity, provide a very powerful feedback and reinforcers. You might have them brainstorm on what to measure and how prior to this... Bottom line - these really work and managers who send their employees to training love them.

Lounge:
Classroom based training typically offers a lounge, lobby, cafe, or even water cooler area where participants can take a break. As learning experiences become more electronic, we may need to provide virtual learners with a virtual lounge area so they can take that break and come back fresh into the learning experience. If you are concerned about the type of discussion that may take place, provide guidelines and moderate as required.

Wrapping:
Wrapping using a discussion thread is the truly packaged and blended learning experience. The entire learning activity can be coordinated through discussion if appropriate - from scheduling, to preparation, and evaluation. Keep the discussions relevant by embedding links, attaching appropriate materials, providing feedback, and facilitating discussion on relevant topics that speak to the learners needs. Instructors can assign pre-work, breakout sessions, home work, and post-work around self-paced or live learning events.

Of course, there are other ways to use discussions as part of the blended learning experience. Membership in an ongoing discussion can be leveraged as a reinforcer to learning. They can be used as an incentive to participation and or completion where access to subject matter experts and peers with similar problems or experience is perceived as a benefit. In sum, use discussion threads to expand the digital tribe through social contact and by tying formal learning to the informal.

How to Use Wikis within Learning Contexts

What is a Wiki? Well, Wikipedia, the granddaddy of all wikis, defines a wiki as “a collection of web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it… the ability to contribute or modify content…” Wiktionary, an off-shoot of Wikipedia, defines a wiki as “a collaborative website which can be directly edited by anyone with access to it.”

A wiki is best known as a Web 2.0 tool. Although at times criticized because the information in them is not always valid, the premise behind why wikis work has much to do with how the collective wisdom, opinion, and judgment of the masses can outweigh the same characteristics of any one individual. Groups with a common purpose and even totally unrelated contributors can centralize information, participate in wiki development, and update it in a collective, self-paced, and or synchronous manner. Wikis operate on the concept of wabi-sabi, where contributions that are incomplete or unfinished are encouraged as it is expected that others in the community will add-to and perpetually complete the document. If one person creates a wiki item, another can add more content, edit what exists, or augment it with supporting links and references. Because most wikis by nature are versioned, anyone can easily review its change log for editing history and revert back to a previous version as applicable. Reviewers might even openly debate a wiki’s validity in an attached discussion thread. Including open discussions as an attached feature of the wiki facilitates a method of judges through peer reviews and ultimately results in highly valid and relevant content. At the end of the day, it is the community of authors who ensures the accuracy and importance of the wiki as it is consumed and critiqued by its readers.

From a learning perspective (Learning 2.0 tool), a wiki allows its contributors and readers to review, add, and update useful information so they can collaborate and share at a peer level, while learning about topics of interest through projects and group assignments as they are relate to other learning events, resources, and job demands. Some examples follow:

HOWTO-type Wikis:
Wikis are great places to display and collaborate on task-based HOWTO-type documentation such as manuals or guidelines on the use of a tool, method, or process. Sure you could post the actual manual or training guide, but wiki items can address the most important and frequently used tasks as well as the contexts in which those tasks will be applied. Additionally, they can be updated in real-time as the subject matter changes. Depending upon the situation, this type of wiki may only be editable by a group of subject matter experts (SMEs as opposed to all). At the same time, if the tool method or process is new, all who are diving in can be publishing and updating HOWTOs to be shared by all. None-the-less, HOWTO-type wikis are a great way to teach and train others either on a stand-alone basis or as a wrapped follow-up to other learning objects or events.

Best Practice Wikis:
Let’s say you have a new tool or method and need to get beyond the task-based HOWTO-type material because the technology is multi-faceted, complex, or just plain real important. A best practice wiki is a great repository for collecting and documenting information for this set of needs. Again depending upon the situation, this type of wiki may only be editable by a group of SMEs as opposed to all, but because such material tends to be more suited for a globally dispersed audience, keeping it open to all increases the likelihood that unknown experts will contribute. Like with the HOWTO-type wiki, if the technology itself is so spankin’ new you have no experts, you will want to give everyone a place to document best practices so as to capture the collective discovery-process and subsequent experiences. Sure, in this type of scenario, not everything captured may yet be a best practice, but what a convenient way to document those lessons in real time so the community can glean out what is truly best or not while applying them. This way, others can learn about and later avoid the mistakes made by others while openly taking advantage of lessons learned. Depending upon the learning need, best practice wikis can be referred-to asynchronously or on a pre-work, mid-curriculum, or post-work basis.

Wikis as Knowledge Bases:
At a consumer level, knowledge bases allow users to collect, organize and retrieve information. They are either part of an automated system, like with helpdesk applications, or are readable, reference-able, and searchable by users. By design, most wikis bake-in this capability. Thusly, using a collection of wikis combined with full text and or federated search engines can emulate a knowledge base. From a pulled learning perspective, they provide an almost database-like experience for learners who need just-in-time information on the job or while participating in a tandem learning activity. From a training delivery perspective, a wiki knowledge bases allows users and SMEs to collaborate on real time updates. This particular usage will become more prolific as baby boomers retire out of the workforce and millennials (Generation Y) onboard into organizations. Based learning needs and opportunities, this type of wiki works well as an asynchronous learning object or as a follow-up reference to a preceding learning activity.

FAQ Wikis:
If you know what questions or issues your participants will ask, or have advanced notice regarding the issues and problems they will experience, FAQ (Frequently Asked Question) wikis can ease the burden for both the instructor and the learner. These are especially useful when rolling out new programs and assigning homework or group-projects. As such, FAQ wikis work well when presented just prior-to and during program roll-out, and just after assigning homework or group-related projects.

Process Wikis:
If your objective is to teach about a new or updated process, a process wiki allows instructors and process owners to collaborate with new learners of the process. Such a wiki combined with discussion threading could support Q&A regarding policies, procedures, and even graphic of the workflow (a picture is worth a thousand words). A process wiki works well as an asynchronous learning object or when paired as a follow-up reference to a preceding lesson on the process.

Learning Path Wikis:
So the instructional design team has created their blended learning masterpiece and your instructors and facilitators need a place to post the curriculum’s learning path and learning objectives… Hey, your learners need a place where they know to find these things. Because the components of blended curricula now go beyond the conventional first module or lesson in a classroom based student guide or self-paced eLearning course, the learning path wiki can be an excellent focal point for converging the various mediums the curriculum is delivered in. It is especially powerful when the wiki function is part of a larger collaboration suite supporting the blended delivery of the curriculum. Naturally, the learning path wiki is best when made available just before delivery or just as participants are beginning their learning experience.

Assignment Wikis:
Let’s say you are mid-session for a virtual class and you were given a group-assignment or your team was given ‘homework’ instructions through a discussion thread. An assignment wiki is a convenient location for collaborating on the assignment. The versioning features allow the group to track progress and to revert to previous iterations while discussing threading allows the group to discuss, debate, and collaborate while drafting the assignment. While they are doing this, the instructor or facilitator can monitor progress and see who is contributing by reviewing the saved versions. Useful, no? Obviously, an assignment wiki is best delivered as a breakout during mid-session, between sessions, or as part of an overall collaborative experience.

So, what’s a wiki? Set up and positioned correctly, it’s a pretty cool learning medium.

How to Use Blogs Within Learning Contexts

Before we discuss how to use blogs, did you ever notice that when you talk to people about them, it is amazing how different people have different concepts of what blogs actually are? I think much of this disparity has to do with the context, or what the blog is being used for and who is blogging. Let's take a look at some of the more common definitions...

Merriam-Webster defines a blog as: a Web site that contains an online personal journal with reflections, comments, and often hyperlinks provided by the writer.

Wikipedia defines a blog as "a website, usually maintained by an individual, with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on..." (you can read the rest here...)

WhatIs.com probably has the most useful definition: A blog (short for weblog) is a personal online journal that is frequently updated and intended for general public consumption. Blogs are defined by their format: a series of entries posted to a single page in reverse-chronological order. Blogs generally represent the personality of the author or reflect the purpose of the Web site that hosts the blog. Topics sometimes include brief philosophical musings, commentary on Internet and other social issues, and links to other sites the author favors, especially those that support a point being made on a post. The author of a blog is often referred to as a blogger. Many blogs syndicate their content to subscribers using RSS, a popular content distribution tool.

In all, I think we can agree that blogs are a Web/Learning 2.0 technology that initially channel journal-like communications from one person to many, usually as text from newest entry to oldest, (syndicated audio or video blogs are types of podcasts and vod-casts), which allow for interaction between the author and its readers regarding the subject matter discussed. So now that we know what blogs and bloggers are and what means to blog, how can we use blogs within a learning context? Well, I guess this has to do with the learning context... What the blog is being used for, who is blogging, and in this case, when best to attach it to the learning event. (Kind-of familiar - right?) Some examples follow:

Sharing Expertise:
In the learning and development field, subject matter experts (SMEs) are highly valued resources, usually with high costs for their time (internal or external) and little of it to share. Those of you who develop courseware for a living know how difficult it can be to secure time with a SME. Face time with a SME can be even more difficult for the average employee, partner, or customer. Blogs allow SMEs to interact on a self-paced schedule on a one-to-many basis. They are an efficient way to share expert power on job-critical topics before, during, and after learning events and in relevant areas of interest. Blogging is highly efficient for the SME while providing the learner with Q&A opportunities based on job context that would be less likely in alternate scenarios.

Instructor Follow-Up:
Instructors can use blogs to extend and dovetail the learning experience beyond traditional class-time and on completely virtual and self-paced basis. Ever have that question for your instructor after the learning event was over? Here is where learners can ask and get their answers. All the benefits of SME interaction apply, but the instructor has the added benefit of directly tying learning curricula to the relevant experiences and responses of her blog readers. Through principles of adult learning, instructor blogs can reinforce learning as relevant reminders that can increase the likelihood that what was learned during the event and reviewed in the blog will be subsequently applied on the job.

Thought Leadership:
Like SMEs, thought-leaders are experts in their areas of proficiency and are highly valued resources with high costs for their time. Unlike SMEs who tend to be more tactical or ground-level in their expertise, thought-leaders are strategic. They are the forward thinking visionaries who see the bigger picture and can typically foresee and convey the consequences of a given set of tactics. They bring credibility and insight into blog communications that can catalyze the thoughts and imaginations of its readers and motivate their actions. Thought leader-blogs are effective when paired with alongside (during) learning events and also as follow-ups to reinforce application on the job.

VIP Interaction:
Very Important Persons (VIPs) bring a widely-known and celebrity-like quality to a blog through their achievements and experiences. They can inspire others based on social learning concepts of modeling and vicarious reinforcement. Because their fans and followers identify and relate to the VIP, learners can be inspired to learn and perform based on a desire to obtain similar success, status, or prominence. VIP interaction blogs are especially effective when introducing new curricula or events, but are also effective for interaction during events.

Peer Interaction:
In a community setting, everyone has something to share and thus the potential to spread his or her wings. Through the act of blogging and providing consistently useful or interesting information, community peers can become the de-facto SME, instructor, thought-leader, or VIP. Anecdotally this supports the reason why blogs are so popular today. Peer-groups tend to identify with ordinary persons who communicate or teach at an extraordinary level about various topics. Through this ‘like-me’ effect – learning through peer interaction can be socially reinforced before, during, and after learning events. Also powerful are peer-level observations from industry-events and conferences, which allow one participant to communicate what is happening or being learned to many, and thus sharing a transfer of knowledge without incurring the cost of sending many to the event.

“Knowledge and human power are synonymous…”
- Sir Francis Bacon -

So… blogs can be useful to support learning – just look at the context. I all depends on what the blog is being used for, who is blogging, and when best to attach it to the learning event.

Millennials

(Adapted from my corporate blog originally published December 11, 2007)

Who are the millennials and do we need to be concerned with their needs? Well, there is lot’s of debate over what started out as Generation Y, or the NetGen, but for the most part, millennials are those born after 1981. They will populate the workforce after their parents, the Baby Boomers, start retiring en masse at about 2011, and they think, learn, and do things differently.

Why do they do things differently? They are wired differently – not through nature but through nurture. While Generation X was raised on TV; the millennials were raised on the Internet with access to information like no population before them. Some say they are spoiled with their sense of entitlement, and some are, but characteristically, they like to be challenged and rise to the occasion. Look at the millennials in the workforce today - unlike some of their Generation X forbearers, millennials tend to get the job done right and done on time. Much like their baby-boom parents who embraced the advances that followed WWII, the millennials are masters of technology who embody the principles of goal setting espoused by Lock and Latham with a bit of bravado. Yeah, they have their own way of doing things, but as a parent who is a baby-boomer, I think they understand the world is different one that’s ripe for the picking.

For those of you who have teenagers 13 and up, watch what they are doing before dinner (or between after-school athletics, karate, dance, heading out with friends, etc.). What do you see them doing when you walk into their rooms at 7 PM? I don’t know about you, but mine have a book open (they are either reading or doing a good job of pretending); they have their TV on (the volume is off at least); they are listening to their iPods (that’s why the volume is off); SMS-texting on their cell phones; their computers are on so they can do homework in Word or on Blackboard; and update Facebook while IM’ing on Yahoo Chat... All at the same time! Oddly enough, they do well in school, one’s in line for a sports scholarship the other an academic one… How the heck do they do that? Those of you with teenagers, does any of this sound familiar? You have probably heard this story before, but the fact that so many convey similar anecdotes lends support to what makes them special.

Their needs are are important because they are the managers and key technicians of the future. From an instructional perspective, we need to map the characteristics and tools of this new learner to the required job-skills and organizational needs of the workplace. Like everyone who came before them, as professionals in learning and development, we need to enable them while managing behavior and performance. We need to design and develop systems and programs that support rapid information gathering and channels of collaboration, through technology. At the same time, we need to create opportunities for knowledge-transfer where the intellectual capital for those who are leaving the workforce can be passed on to the millennials entering. Web 2.0, Learning 2.0, and mobile devices are where we can bridge this gap between the boomers and the millennials.

There’s an old saying my grandfather used to say when I would try something new, “you will get out of it what you put into it…” The millennials seem to have mastered this concept. Not a believer?... I am. Look at some of the millennials entering the workplace now – easier to manage than the GenX’ers that preceded them - and they are bright eyed, bushy tailed, and ready to conquer. Are we ready? Well, let’s just say we are moving in the right direction. Hey, you are reading a blog aren’t you?

Recommended Articles:
http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/cda/doc/content/us_consulting_millennialfactsheet_080606.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Y
http://www.generationsatwork.com/articles/millenials.htm
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/08/60minutes/main3475200.shtml

BTW – I strongly recommend the Deloitte article.

Combining Web 2.0 and Learning Collaboration with mLearning

Back in May of 2008, I was interviewed and quoted in Workforce Magazine regarding how we are combining mobile learning with Web/Learning 2.0 collaboration technologies. The bottom line here is that if you want to take advantage of Web 2.0 from your smart-phone, ensure your set up to receive email and that the Web 2.o tool you are using has an email subscription feature. The advantage from a Learning 2.0 perspective is that instructors, coaches, mentors, and room facilitators can all interact in near real-time with their learners through email subscription sent to the mobile device. I am featured in the Support on the go section if you would like to review.

http://www.workforce.com/section/11/feature/25/56/00/index.html

My Response to a Blog on the CLO Magazine Site

CLO magazine recently published on their CLO Blog an article by Lindsay Edmonds Wickman regarding how email after-hours is a no-no. She quotes Tim Sanders from his Email A-Z Blog regarding the perils of sending email after traditional work hours, that it “steals personal time from employees,” and that it “has a direct relationship on turnover.” I have a somewhat different opinion that I posted back. My response follows:

I think Lindsay is discussing some valid observations regarding the world of today's worker and Tim Sanders' Email A-Z Blog provides some useful tips. However, I would suggest that in a highly competitive economy along with the current global market, to expect to receive email from 9-5 in your time zone only is a bit naive.

Also, although Tim Saunders quotes that the after hours email issue "has a direct relationship on turnover,” this merely suggests just that - a relationship and coincidental symptom - not necessarily the root cause for turnover. For example, it's a statistical fact that the rate of ice cream consumption in NYC is positively correlated and strongly related to higher rates of murder in NYC. Does this mean higher rates of ice cream consumption led to higher rates of murder? No, but it suggests a third variable problem - in this case, heat during the summer months that led to both outcomes. Additional research involving quasi experimental design or multiple regression analysis would better get at the root cause of the after hours email issue; my hypothesis would be that it is more likely that job satisfaction, corporate culture, propensity to leave, and or managerial traits led to higher rates of turnover.

Bottom line, as learning leaders we need to be careful when reviewing and interpreting research, especially when it involves correlations and relationships. Despite the implications, and as Lindsay and Tim recommend, using email in the most positive ways possible makes for sound advice.

You may read and reference the article and my response from the link below:
http://www.clomedia.com/clo-blog/2008/September/2370/index.php

What are your thoughts on the issue?